The
Caliphate of Córdoba was a state in
Islamic Iberia along with a part of
North Africa ruled by the
Umayyad dynasty. The state, with the capital in
Córdoba, existed from 929 to 1031. The region was formerly dominated by the
Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929).
 |
Mezquita of Cordoba, Spain |
Abd-ar-Rahman I became
Emir of Córdoba in 756 after six years in exile after the
Umayyads lost the position of
Caliph in
Damascus to the
Abbasids in 750. Intent on regaining power, he defeated the area's existing
Islamic rulers and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate. Raids then increased the emirate's size; the first to go as far as
Corsica occurred in 806.
 |
Abd-ar-Rahman I |
Abd al-Rahman I was succeeded by
Hisham I as second ruler of Cordoba who ruled from 788 to 796 CE.
al - Rahman was succeeded by
Al-Hakam I who ruled from 796 until 822 CE.
Al-Hakam spent much of his reign suppressing rebellions in
Toledo, Saragossa and
Mérida. The uprisings twice reached
Cordoba. In 818 he crushed a rebellion led by clerics in the suburb of
al-Ribad on the south bank of the
Guadalquivir river.
 |
Roman Bridge of Cordoba |
Abd ar-Rahman II was the fourth
Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 822 until his death in 852 CE. He engaged in nearly continuous warfare against
Alfonso II of Asturias, whose southward advance he halted (822–842). In 837, he suppressed a revolt of
Christians and
Jews in
Toledo. He issued a decree by which the
Christians were forbidden to seek martyrdom, and he had a
Christian synod held to forbid martyrdom.
 |
Statue of Alfonso II of Asturias |
Abd ar-Rahman II was succeeded by
Muhammad I of Córdoba who ruled as
Umayyad emir of
Córdoba from 852 to 886 CE. He was succeeded by his son
al-Mundhir ibn Muhammad I in 886 CE. He died in 888 at
Bobastro, possibly murdered by his brother
Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, who succeeded him.
 |
Ruins of Bobastro |
In 911,
Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, seventh
emir of Cordoba signed a peace agreement with
Ibn Hafsun. However, the war broke out again the following year, only to be halted by the death of
Abdullah at Córdoba. The son he had designated as successor was killed by one of
Abdullah's brothers. The latter was in turn executed by
Abdullah's father, who named as successor
Abd ar-Rahman III, son of the killed son of
Abdullah.
 |
Abd-ar-Rahman III and his court in Medina Azahara, by Dionisio Baixeras Verdaguer |
The caliphate enjoyed increased prosperity during the 10th century.
Abd-ar-Rahman III united
al-Andalus and brought the
Christian kingdoms of the north under control by force and through diplomacy.
Abd-ar-Rahman stopped the
Fatimid advance into caliphate land in
Morocco and
al-Andalus. This period of prosperity was marked by increasing diplomatic relations with
Berber tribes in
North Africa, Christian kings from the north, and with
France, Germany and
Constantinople.
 |
Interior of Mosque of Cordoba |
Abd ar-Rahman III considered himself powerful enough to declare himself
Caliph of Córdoba (16 January 929), effectively breaking his allegiance to, and ties with, the
Fatimid and
Abbasid caliphs. His death led to the rise of his 46-year-old son,
Al-Hakam II as the second
Caliph of Cordoba in 961. He secured peace with the
Catholic kingdoms of northern
Iberia, and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works.
 |
Al - Hakam II |
Al-Hakam II suffered a stroke near the end of his life in October 976 that curtailed his activities and may explain why he was unable to properly prepare his son for leadership. He was succeeded by his son,
Hisham II al-Mu'ayad, who was 11 years old at the time and was a nominal ruler under
Almanzor. The death of
al-Hakam II in 976 marked the beginning of the end of the caliphate.
 |
Medina Azahara, completed by Al-Hakam II. |
The decision to name Hisham II as the 3rd caliph shifted power from an individual to his advisers. The title of caliph became symbolic, without power or influence. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. The Caliphate would be rocked by violence, with rivals claiming to be the new caliph. The last Córdoban Caliph was Hisham III (1027–1031). Beset by factionalism, the caliphate crumbled in 1031 into a number of independent taifas.
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